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| COM 510 Course Syllabi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| COURSE SUMMARY –
SHORT FORM COM 510: Leadership Communication SPRING
ARBOR UNIVERSITY (Last
updated 9/02) Professor: Robert Woods, Jr., J.D.,
Ph.D. (http://www.arbor.edu/~rwoods) |
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COURSE DESCRIPTION PERSONAL NOTE FROM THE PROFESSOR The course will blend theory and practice. Graduate level study demands exposure to pertinent theoretical constructs, models, research and generalizations. But at the same time, this is a course that should provide you with opportunities to sharpen your critical thinking, further develop your communication skills and learn practical concepts and principles that can be applied to your current or future field, areas of interest, organizational context or professional roles. With this in mind, you can expect the following in this class:
COURSE OBJECTIVES
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RESOURCES (REQUIRED
AND RECOMMENDED TEXTS AND MATERIALS NOTE: order these
books through the Spring Arbor University bookstore (http://campus.arbor.edu/bookcellar/index.htm;
Telephone: 517-750-6310. 1. Hackman, Michael Z., & Johnson, Craig E. (2001). Leadership: A Communication Perspective (3rd ed.), Waveland Press, Inc. This book addresses leadership from a communication standpoint. The authors do an excellent job of clearly providing an overview of a number of pertinent areas of leadership and organizational management scholarship. 2. Miller, Katherine (1999).
Organizational Communication: Approaches and Processes
(2nd ed.). Brown Benchmark Publishers.
This basic text provides an overview of research, principles and
generalizations relevant to communication in and by organizations.
It includes an overview of recent developments in technological
processes and communication technology relevant to a variety of
organizational settings. 4. Sanders, J. Oswald (1994). Spiritual Leadership. Moody Press. This easy to read classic work in spiritual leadership reads like a daily devotional and provides an overviews of key principles and practices of “spiritual” leaders. 5. Supplemental Readings: Several supplemental readings will be posted in Blackboard. Blackboard is the web-based educational software package used to facilitate our learning (described in detail below). The readings can be found in the “Course Documents” (accessed from the main course page once you enter Blackboard) and are labeled according to the week in which they are assigned as reading by the Course Schedule. An additional fee will be charged to cover the cost of these readings. Recommended Readings |
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COURSE PROCEDURES AND
COURSE REQUIREMENTS The course also is broken into weekly segments. In the early part of each week I will distribute an "update" to you through Blackboard (the web-based software described below that we will be using to facilitate discussion throughout the semester). Through this means I will introduce you to subject matter and reading materials that will be covered for that week, elaborate on particular assignments, respond to questions that the class may generally have, encourage you to keep pace with happenings in the course, and provide other relevant information. I can’t stress this enough – the quality of your learning experiences in this course will be dependent on timely completion of individual assignments, active participation in group discussion, and regular interactions with the instructor. I look forward to interacting with you collectively and individually on a regular basis. My role primarily is one of facilitator, which includes encouraging you to think, question, apply and integrate our Christian faith with the subject matter. Thus, I will not merely disseminate knowledge for your consumption or regurgitate what you have already read. It also is increasingly clear that the success of internet-based, distance learning is greatly related to the degree students contribute to the learning experience of others in the class. You have much to offer others through your interactions with them, particularly through the discussion groups to which you will be assigned. Discussion
Groups You will be assigned randomly to a discussion group containing five to seven (5-7) people. If there are 8 or fewer students in the class, we will comprise a single discussion group. I realize that you may have developed close friendships, identified common interests and shared previous group experiences with certain others taking this course and might prefer participating in a group with these individuals. However, I believe you will find that the exposure to different perspectives, interests and contexts that random assignment provides will be very beneficial, since concepts, issues, readings and assignments are being discussed and applied. The composition of each discussion group also will be posted in Blackboard as soon as final class rosters are distributed. Once again, if there is only one group, then I will note this in Blackboard. To insure some degree of order and a reasonable number of interactions, your group discussion interactions should be confined to the specific group to which you are assigned and should pertain to particular questions, responses to questions, issues, materials and assignments designated for this purpose (NOTE: this of course assumes that we have more than one discussion group). Of course you are welcome to interact with others students in the class or the course instructor, or others at Spring Arbor University regarding any matter through regular e-mail, telephone or snail mail. You also are encouraged to monitor all discussions that are going on within the other groups. I will be regularly monitoring all group discussion and providing some input into discussion where appropriate. Participation in group discussion comprises a significant part of your course grade. Make sure you post early enough in the week to give your colleagues ample time to reflect on and consider the content of your replies to required discussion questions. Waiting until the end of the week does a disservice to the learning process and may impede the ability of your colleagues to stay ahead of the assignments. Blackboard How to Access Blackboard Blackboard Course Info LOGIN After you enter your login and password, you will see a page with the courses in which you are enrolled (“Courses in which you are participating”). Select the course that you are taking – in this case, COM 510, Leadership Communication. Personal Home Pages Student Manual Online Available First Time Users E-mail Guidelines
All e-mails pertaining to matters of course content, structure and assignments should be directed to me at rwoods@arbor.edu unless otherwise specified in a particular instance. I will read all e-mails of this nature and interact with each, as I deem necessary. If you think that your question might be one that others have, use the Blackboard discussion folder related to “General Class Information.” E-mails of a personal nature or those dealing with subjects or matters beyond the scope of this particular course may be directed to me at the aforementioned e-mail. If you prefer a phone conversation you may reach me at work (517.750.6490) or home (517.750.3864). If a face-to-face meeting is preferred (and you are local), we may arrange to meet on campus. I will hold regular asynchronous (real-time) office hours as well. In submitting assignments, use the Digital Drop Box function in Blackboard (located in “Tools”). Send a back-up copy using email. Be sure to label your file in the following manner: course number, assignment number, your initials (e.g. 510#1PTL). This will make it easier for me to access these documents Additional Notes |
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COURSE SCHEDULE WITH ASSOCIATED
READINGS AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
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| METHOD OF EVALUATION In addition to class discussion/dialogue (described below in detail), you will need to complete two individual and one group assignment: (1) Analysis of the leadership communication behavior of a contemporary or historical leader (individual); (2) Leadership communication film cases (group); and (3) Leadership and organizational Communication Assessment (individual); As a whole, these three assignments (along with class discussion/dialogue) are designed to accomplish the course objectives, stimulate interaction, and provide opportunities for group work and focus on individual interests. Each of these assignments is described in some detail below. They will be elaborated upon as needed once the course is underway. 1. Analysis of the Leadership Communication Behavior of a Contemporary or Historical Leader—This assignment is intended to help you evaluate what characterizes effective communication behavior in a leader, while applying scholarly theories, research findings and biblical truths to the task. After reading assigned chapters in Hackman & Johnson and Miller (as well as the supplemental readings and any additional reading you may choose to review for the purposes of completing this assignment) select a well-known contemporary or historical leader you admire or have interest in. You are encouraged to select one of the leaders in Character Counts by Os Guinness, although this is not required. If you do not select someone from Character Counts, the leader you do select could represent any professional field (e.g. ministry, education, politics, business, etc.). Perhaps he or she was or is a leader in the field or type of organization or ministry you currently work in or would like to work in sometime in the future. Conduct research, for example, biographies or other types of books or articles written about the individual and/or his/her organization(s)). As you research, focus on the leader’s effectiveness as an interpersonal, group, organizational and public communicator, and the leader’s effectiveness in managing communication within and by the organization(s) they are leading or led. In other words, your analysis should not be confined to the leader’s public speaking behavior. Nor should it simply be a condensed biography or version of what you read. I’m looking for critical reflection and analysis here from a leadership communication perspective, not a book report or biography. Next, develop a 5-8 page paper (note: page length does not include title page or references) in which you: (1) provide a very brief sketch of the leader (no more than 1 page), Note that what goes into your sketch should somehow be relevant to your analysis of his/her leadership communication (for e.g., if he went to West Point, this may have effected his leadership communication); (2) give your assessment of what makes or made your leader an effective or ineffective communicator and/or manager of organizational communication and illustrate this with examples; (3) attempt to describe his or her definition of leadership, (4) attempt to describe his or her communication leadership style and overall approach to leadership, as well as the types of power and compliance-gaining strategies regularly employed. Where information is available, discuss your leader’s team or group leadership; (5) conclude with what other leaders can learn about communication and leadership from your leader. Be sure to consider and refer to Miller, Hackman & Johnson and other readings as you compose your paper. By the time the assignment is due, you will have read the first seven chapters of H & J and nearly as many from Miller. You are strongly encouraged to skim chapters 8-12 in H & J for key concepts or research that might be relevant to your analysis. A grading rubric will be posted for this assignment in the Assignments section of Blackboard to help you organize as you write and to make sure you address specific assignment requirements. At the end of the paper, be sure to cite the best sources on your leader you found and used (use APA style). I should receive this paper on or before 10/20 (the end of week 5) in the Digital Drop Box. Send another copy to me as an attached e-mail file. Be sure to label it in the same way that you labeled the document in the Digital Drop Box. 2. Leadership Communication Film Cases – This group assignment should provide some interesting case studies and discussion regarding how various principles of leadership and organizational communication may or may not be at work. You and your partner should choose two of the following films—Twelve Angry Men (a drama about a jury trial in a southern town; the classic version with Henry Fonda is the best one), Glory (a civil war epic, focusing on an African-American regiment), Apollo 13 (a dramatization of a nearly disastrous NASA space flight), Wall Street (ethical issues and conflict displayed in a financial setting), The Firm (intrigue within a law firm with its own culture and standards), Crimson Tide (a submarine involved in a nuclear crisis); The Hunt for Red October (Sean Connery, Russian subcommander defects); Hoosiers (Gene Hackman, small town basketball team goes to state championship); The Secret of My Success (Michael J. Fox, small town boy comes to big city and enters corporate world); Working Girl (Melanie Griffith, secretary moves up corporate ladder); Working Mom (Diane Keaton, female corporate officer gets “stuck” with a baby); GI Jane (Demi Moore, woman tries out for Navy Seals); Norma Rae (Sally Field, woman leads unions against big business); A Few Good Men (Tom Cruise, Demi Moore, lawyers defend Marines accused of murder); other selections include Alive, Speed, K-2, Stand By Me, Erin Brockovich. You may suggest other films not mentioned on the list above. HOWEVER, note that if you select a film not listed above, I must approve it before you may begin your analysis. After you have chosen your two films, analyze the films’ story, characters and content in terms of what they demonstrate about leadership and organizational communication. The concepts, theories and research included in your readings up to the due date should be reflected in your paper. Put another way, they should act as a filter through which you view your films. That means, for instance, that you will view the films in terms of what they say about leadership communication styles, power and empowerment, compliance-gaining, negotiating, persuasion, teamwork, and diversity. You may also reflect on what you have learned through readings and other experiences elsewhere up to this point in time. Note that you must have received final approval of your two films at the beginning of Week 7 (see schedule above). Once you have undertaken your own analysis in this respect, develop a paper (no more than 5-8 pages) (does not include title page or references) that contains your analysis of the film from this perspective. I should received only ONE paper from each group. A grading rubric will be posted for this assignment in the Assignments section of Blackboard to help you organize as you write and to make sure you address specific assignment requirements. APA style should be followed. The paper should be submitted via the Digital Drop Box in Blackboard. It should also be sent to me as an attached email document on or before 11/17. Be sure to label it in the same way that you labeled the document in the Digital Drop Box. 3. Leadership Communication and Organizational Assessment—The communication assessment is a much smaller, much less involved version of the formalized communication audit described in Goldhaber, Gerald M. (1993). Organizational Communication (6th ed.). Brown Benchmark Publishers, Chapters 9-11. The assessment will guide your analysis of the organization’s leadership and communication by presenting key diagnostic questions. This final assignment is an excellent means by which to apply a great deal of what you learn through other aspects of this course to an organizational context that most interests you. It will also give you an opportunity to analyze, synthesize and evaluate research in light of your everyday work experiences in a practical, hands-on manner. Using the guidelines posted in Blackboard (in the "Course
Documents" folder), conduct a communication assessment of the
nature, flow and relative effectiveness of communication in and
by an existing organization of your choice. You should examine primary
documents, memos, handbooks, and other internal and external communications,
and conduct interviews with or send out surveys to other employees
of the organization as part of your data collection stage. As part
of your final analysis and report (as described in the guidelines
provided by the Professor) you’ll develop a list of 3-5 specific,
actionable recommendations for the leaders of the organization on
how communication in the organization can be specifically improved.
Your analysis of the organization and recommendations could be of
great service to the organization you select. In fact, your final
report should be prepared as if you were addressing the leaders
of that organization. Note that the organization should be one that
you are interested in and to which you have some access. It may
be a for-profit business or non-profit organization you work with
or with which you have some other involvement. It might be the type
of organization you envision working in or helping in the future.
If the organization is a very large one, you might consider limiting
your analysis to one part of the organization or even a department.
In any case, I must approve your organization on or before the date
listed in the course schedule. A grading rubric will be posted for this assignment in the Course Documents section of Blackboard. I should receive this PowerPoint presentation on or before 12/22 in the Digital Drop Box located in Blackboard and as an attached e-mail file. Again, as with the first two assignments make sure you label the attachment the same way you labeled the file in the Drop Box. 4. Discussion/Dialogue (Class Participation)— Information regarding Discussion Groups was outlined above in this syllabus. Note that discussion constitutes a significant percentage of your grade (25%) (i.e., a little over 2 points per week). Dialogue tests your knowledge/comprehension of the assigned readings and gives you an opportunity to display your depth of understanding through application and analysis of specific leadership scenarios. I'll leave the discussion board for each question open for about two weeks (the time required for discussion to build). A new question(s) is posted at the beginning of each week and usually will carry over to the next week. This will be clearly stated after each question. Be sure that you post your initial response early enough in the first week to give your colleagues ample opportunity to respond to your posting. DO NOT WAIT until the second week to post your answer(s). Since each week has a new question(s), it is easy to fall behind quickly if you don't post early on during the two-week discussion period assigned for each question. Note also that the word limit (about 275 per dialogue) is in place to help you write concisely, which is a reflection of your critical thinking abilities. I realize that there is a subjective element involved in evaluating dialogue that concerns some students. With this in mind, I’ve provided some basic guidelines to assist you in this valuable learning experience. You can receive full credit for each dialogue question by adhering to the following guidelines:
I’ll provide feedback and direction along the way as we dialogue to help you improve in certain areas. But for now, just stick to the aforementioned guidelines and you should do just fine. Here are the dialogue questions for this semester. There are corresponding folders set up for each question(s)/week in Blackboard: Week 1 (9/16-9/22) 1) Review the authors’ definition of leadership on p. 14. Develop your own definition of leadership consistent with a Christian worldview. You may have to consult additional sources to support your definition. Be sure to explain each element of your definition. As you formulate your definition, take special note on p. 5 where the authors state: "leadership seems to be linked to what it means to be human." Your definition or explanation should take into account this link in some way. 2) Pick a current organizational setting you are involved in: work, church, etc. After you describe the organization in a sentence or two, tell me which leadership communication style is most prevalent among leadership in your setting. Given what you now know about communication leadership style, is it the most effective style given the nature/type/purpose of the organization? Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words total for both parts. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 9/16. Forum closed on 9/29. Week 2 (9/23-9/29) 1) In examining the various approaches to leadership described in chapters 3 and 4 (specifically, Traits, Situational, Functional, and Transformational), which one do you most subscribe to and why? Also, do you see any being more or less consistent with a Christian worldview? As always, be precise and use specific examples to support your conclusions. 2) Identify at least two individuals you would label as "charismatic leaders." What made/makes him or her a "charismatic leader?" Be sure to answer the following at some point along the way: Is one born a "charismatic leader" or is "charisma" simply a product of effective public communication skills? How effective is charismatic leadership to the success of an organization? As we examine your descriptions, we should begin to see a list of key characteristics begin to emerge that may or may not be consistent with those described in the readings. Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words total for both parts. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 9/23. Forum closed on 10/6.
1) In considering the other schools of organizational theory listed in chapter 2, do you find any one school in particular more/less consistent with a Christian worldview? Why? Cite Scripture where appropriate. 2) Various metaphors are used to describe organizations and organizational
life. For example, the “machine metaphor” is often used
for the Classical School. Come up with your own organizational metaphor
and explain what your metaphor suggests about organizations. Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words total for both parts. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 9/30. Forum closed on 10/13. Week 4 (10/7-10/13) 1) Take the “Personal Power Profile” in Box 5.1 on pp. 132-33 (NOTE: don’t read the scoring or interpretation until you are finished answering each question). Which form of power, according to the Profile, do you prefer to influence others? Do you agree or disagree with the results of the Profile? 2) Describe a recent work situation where you were the persuader. What compliance-gaining strategies did you select and why? Be sure to discuss the elements of the situation you considered and the emotions created by the use of your strategy. Do you think it was an effective strategy? If you had it to do over again, would you use the same strategy? Explain. Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words total. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. As always, be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 10/7. Forum closed on 10/20. Week 5 (10/14-10/20) 1) Describe a group or team work experience in which you recently participated? What made it an effective/ineffective group/team? What leadership role did you/do you play? What might you have done differently? 2) Would you personally rather work in a group with an emergent leader or an appointed leader? Why? Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words total. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. As always, be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 10/14. Forum closed on 10/27. Week 6 (10/21-10/27) Imagine that you have been hired as an organizational consultant for your current organization. You were called in to help change the organization’s culture—from one of individualism and independence (characterized by low degrees of intimacy or interconnectedness throughout the organization) to one of teamwork, unity and cooperation (characterized by a strong sense of interpersonal connection and sense of community throughout the organization) (NOTE: if your current organization already exhibits a strong sense of community and teamwork, discuss what you can do to make it even stronger). What types of verbal and nonverbal strategies/devices/symbols/artifacts/mechanisms would you employ to facilitate the change? Be specific in your recommendations as it relates to communication behavior in the organization. Develop a bullet outline of your strategy that you would share with the head of the organization. Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 10/21. Forum closed on 11/3. Week 7 (10/28-11/3) 1) Search the Internet and identify 3-5 websites or other online
resources that would help you as a leader carry out an effective
public relations campaign. Provide a brief description of the contents
of each website or online resource. Be sure to explain how it will
be helpful. For Parts 2 & 3, please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 10/28. Forum closed on 11/10. Week 8 (11/4-11/10) 1) Examine your current work place in terms of what you’ve read about diversity. What kinds of diversity do you identify? What are some obstacles to diversity? What plan for fostering greater diversity would you propose to your organization’s leaders? Are there any limits that a leader should place on diversity? 2) Do you exhibit more “masculine” or “feminine” characteristics in your leadership style? Which characteristics do you think are more important in an effective leader: masculine or feminine? Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 11/4. Forum closed on 11/17. Week 9 (11/11-11/17) Define what you would call “servant leadership.” Are leaders always servants? What is the relationship between servant leadership and courageous followership? Is “servant leadership” the Christian ideal? Select a contemporary or historical leader you believe illustrates the concept of “servant leadership.” Be sure to support your conclusion that this individual was a “servant leader” with specific examples. How did Washington and Lincoln embody servant leadership? Again, be specific in your answer. Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 10/11. Forum closed on 11/26. Week 10 (11/18-11/24, 25-26) Now that you’ve read Sanders, offer your own definition of
“spiritual leadership.” Then, discuss how Washington
and Solzhenitsyn demonstrate various principles and practices of
spiritual leadership described in Sanders. Use examples from Character
Counts and other historical sources to demonstrate how they
may or may not have demonstrated spiritual leadership. Week 11 (11/27-12-1) (Thanksgiving Break) Week 12 (12/2-12/8) Review Stephen Covey’s 7 habits of highly effective people (H & J, pp. 374-75). Do you agree or disagree with his list? If you were asked to present a similar list of “habits” to your current organization or department, what would that list include? Try to come up with habits that would apply in any organizational setting. Be sure to draw from the research and scholarship in the field of communication in addition to any other sources you may use. Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 12/2. Forum closed on 12/15. Week 13 (12/9-12/15) 1) Which approach in Table 14.2 (Miller, p. 291) best describes its approach to the use of communication technology? As part of your answer discuss whether they use communication technology to build relationships or foster a sense of “community” within the organization. 2) As you read in Lipnack and Stamps, a new type of "team" is what some scholars have referred to as "Virtual Teams," that is, "small groups of people working across boundaries supported by the new computer and communications technologies" (Lipnack & Stamps, 1997, pp. xvii-xviii). These teams use the Internet and Intranet to share ideas and achieve commonly shared objectives. Some rely on asynchronous communication while others incorporate elements of both asynchronous and synchronous (real-time chat) communication. Some are comprised of members within the same organization while others include members across different geographic regions. What are some of the advantages/disadvantages associated with using "virtual teams?" How might your current organization use a "virtual team" instead of a "team" that meets face-to-face? Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 12/9. Forum closed on 12/22. Week 14 (12/16-12/22) Santayana’s popular quote goes something like this: “Those who don’t know history are doomed to repeat it”. . . What challenges do leaders in the 21st century face? In light of all that you’ve read this semester, what tips or suggestions might you offer someone about to take on a leadership role? Focus your advice on the communication components or aspects of leadership. Please limit your initial post to no more than about 275 words. Reply at least one time to each of your colleagues’ initial posts. Be sure to answer any questions that your colleagues and I may present. Discussion begins on or before 12/16. Forum closed on 12/22. Grading (Percentage) |
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ACADEMIC POLICIES
Charges of violating academic integrity shall
be handled according to established student discipline procedures
published in the University Catalog, the Student Handbook, and any
other applicable rules/guidelines and regulations applicable to
such violations. Incomplete Grades/Withdrawal from
Course Grades: Integration of Faith and Learning: Grading: Writing Standard: Return of student work: |
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APPENDIX
LIST OF RECOMMENDED READINGS Andrews, Patricia H. & Herschel, Richard T. (1997). Organizational Communication: Empowerment in a Technological Society. Houghton Mifflin. Barna, George (Ed.) (1997). Leaders on Leadership. Regal Books. Barge, J. Kevin (1994). Leadership: Communication Skills for Organizations and Groups. St. Martin’s Press. Batton, Joe D., Cunningham, Gail Batten, & Howard, Warren R. (1997). The Leadership Principles of Jesus: Modern Parables of Achievement and Motivation. College Press Publishing Company. Beausay, William (1998). The Leadership Genius of Jesus: Ancient Wisdom for Modern Business. Thomas Nelson. Borisoff, Deborah & Victor, David A. (1997). Conflict Management: A Communication Skills Approach. Allyn & Bacon. Boyett, Joseph and Henry, P. (1992). Workplace
2000: The Revolution Reshaping American Business. Penguin Books. Burton, John W. (1996). Conflict Resolution: Its Language and Processes. Scarecrow Press. Byers, Peggy Y. (Ed). (1996). Organizational Communication: Theory and Behavior. Allyn & Bacon. Caputo, J., Hazel, H., & McMahon, C. (1997). Interpersonal communication: Using reason to make relationships work. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall-Hunt Publishing, Second edition. Caywood, Clarke L. (Ed.) (1997). The Handbook of Strategic Public Relations and Integrated Communications. McGraw-Hill. Choo, Chun Wei (1998). The Knowing Organization: How Organizations Use Information to Construct Meaning, Create Knowledge and Make Decisions. Oxford University Press. Collins, James C. and Porras, Jerry I. "Organizational Vision and Visionary Organizations". California Management Review. Vol. 34. No. 1, Fall 1991. p. 30-52. Corman, Steven R., Banks, Stephen P., Bantz, Charles R. & Mayer, Michael. Foundations of Organizational Communication. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. Corrado, Frank M., Mapson, Ralph, & Reider, Andrea. Communicating with Employees: Improving Organizational Communication. Crisp Publications. Cosgrove, Charles H. & Hatfield, Dennis D. (1994). Church Conflict: The Hidden System Behind the Fights. Abingdon Press. Covey, S. (1989). The 7 habits of highly effective people. New York: Simon & Schuster. Dawson, Roger. (1992). Secrets of Power Persuasion. Prentice Hall Trade. Dilenscheider, Robert (Ed.). (1998). Darnell’s Public Relations Handbook. Dartnell Corporation. Edgar, William (1996). Reasons of the Heart: Rediscovering Christian Persuasion. Baker Book House. Eisenberg, Eric M., & Goodall, Howard (1993). Organizational Communication: Balancing Creativity and Constraining. St. Martin’s Press. Elms, Leroy. (1996). The Leader You Were Meant to Be. Chariot Victor Books. Forrest, Edward, & Mizerski, Richard (Eds.). (1995). Interactive Marketing. NTC Business Books. Gangel, Kenneth O., & Canine, Samuel L. Communication and Conflict Management in Churches and Christian Organizations. Baptist Sunday School Board. Goldman, Steven L., Preiss, Kenneth, & Nagel, Roger N. (1997). Agile Competitors and Virtual Organization: Strategies for Enriching the Customer. John Wiley & Sons. Greenleaf, Robert K., Fraker, Anne T., & Spears, Larry C. (1996). Seeker and Servant: Reflections on Religious Leadership. Jossey-Bass Publishers. Grenier, Raymond & Metes, George (1995). Going Virtual: Moving Your Organization into the 21st Century. Prentice Hall. Hacker, D. (1993). A pocket style manual. New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin's Press. Harris, Thomas E. (1993). Applied Organizational Communication: Perspectives, Principles, and Pragmatics. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Harris, Thomas E. & Kotler, Philip (1998). Value-Added Public Relations: The Secret Weapon of Integrated Marketing. NTC Books. Hartzler, Meg, & Henry, Jane E. (1997). Tools for Virtual Teams: A Team Fitness Companion. American Society for Quality. Hazel, H. (1987). The art of talking to yourself and others. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward. Hazel, H., & Caputo, J. (1994). Public speaking handbook: A liberal arts approach. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt. Hedberg, Bo, Dahlgren, Goran, Hansson, Jorgen, & Olve, Nils-Goran (1997). Virtual Organizations and Beyond. John Wiley & Sons. Igbaria, Magid, & Tan, Margaret (Eds.). (1998). The Virtual Workplace. Idea Group Publications. Illich, John, Heady, Robert K., & Heady, Christy (1996). The Complete Idiot’s Guide To Winning Through Negotiation. Macmillan. Jablin, Fredric M. (1987). Handbook of Organizational Communication: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Sage Publications. Janis, I. (1982). Groupthink (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Jones, Tom E. (1996). Breakaway Management: Overcoming Dysfunction in the Workplace. Eclectic Publishing Inc. King, Sarah Sanderson, & Cushman, Donald Peter (Ed.). (1994). 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