| Introduction | News | Advertising | Public Relations | Entertainment | Codes & Guidelines | Other Annotated Bibliographies |

Betsworth, Roger G. 1990. Social Ethics: An Examination of American Moral Traditions. Louisville, KY: Westminster, John Knox Press.

Four cultural narratives are used to teach ethical thinking: the biblical story; the gospel of success; well-being and psychotherapy; and America 's manifest destiny. Although theorists and concepts are not taught directly, these narra­tives emphasize ethical vision and a deep self-understanding as crucial to morality.

Bok, Sissela.1995. Common Values. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.

Argues that certain minimalist moral values can be shared cross-culturally without infringing on diversity: reciprocity, constraints on violence and deceit, and justice. Answers the four typical objections to common values.

Bonevac, Daniel, William Boon, and Stephen Phillips, eds. 1992. Beyond the Western Tradi­tion: Readings in Moral and Political Philosophy. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.

Ancient (e.g., Confucius and Maimonides) and contemporary writings on ethi­cal wisdom, virtuous character, and the good life. Divided into four major sec­tions: African, West Asian and Southern Mediterranean , South Asian, and East Asian.

Bracci, Sharon L. and Clifford G.Christians. 2002. Moral Engagement in Public Life: Theorists For Contemporary Ethics. New York: Peter Lang.

The lives and ideas of important thinkers are presented, as background for communication ethics: Artistole, Confucius, Emmanual Levinas, Seyla Bonhabib, Michal Foucault, for example.

Bujo, Bénézet. 1998. The Ethical Dimension of Community: The African Model and the Dialogue Between North and South. Nairobi, Kenya: Paulines Publications Africa.

This book opens a dialogue between the West and sub-Saharan Africa . It shows the common ground and connecting threads among discourse ethics, communitarianism and the sub-Saharan African tradition.

Carman, John, and Mark Juergensmeyer, eds. 1991. Bibliography of Comparative Religious Ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Annotated entries are organized by religious tradition and cover each reli­gion's central concepts. Includes both primary and secondary references.

Christians, Clifford G. 1995. “Review Essay: Current Trends in Media Ethics,” European Journal of Communication, 10: 4, pp. 545-548.

Summary of the important issues in the thirty-four books on media ethics pub­lished since 1990.

Christians, Clifford G., and Michael Traber, eds. 1997. Communication Ethics and Universal Values. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.

Based on essays from thirteen countries. Bedrock principles across cultures are identified: human dignity, truthtelling, and nonviolence.

Dyck, Arthur J. 1977. On Human Care: An Introduction to Ethics. Nashville, TN: Abingdon.

Uses the Potter Box to introduce ethical questions regarding world popula­tions and the environment. In the process of dealing with issues in the medical profession, readers are confronted with the basic problems in ethical theory.

Ess, Charles, ed. 1996. Philosophical Perspectives on Computer-Mediated Communication. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Examines the assumptions and core issues in the current rush to the informa­tion age. Various chapters deal with the ethical consequences for gender, pornography, privacy, religious life, and democracy.

Fasching, Darrell J., and Dell DeChant. 2001. Comparative Religious Ethics: A Narrative Approach. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Uses Jewish, Christian, Hindu, Buddhist and Islamic stories to provide an ethical orientation for issues of violence, prejudice and hatred.

Goldman, Alan H. 1980. The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.

Intelligent and careful defense of a rights-based theory of professional ethics in the liberal tradition. Focuses on the key issue-whether professions are governed by special moral principles that differ from our common moral framework.

Holmes, Robert L. 1993. Basic Moral Philosophy. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth.

Designed for students with no previous background in ethics. Introduces the main issues, concepts, and theories of Western moral philosophy. Includes ex­cellent summaries of divine command theory, Kantianism, consequential ism, and the ethics of virtue.

Jaksa, James A., and Michael S. Pritchard. 1994. Communication Ethics: Methods of Analysis, 2d ed. Belmont, CA : Wadsworth.

A variety of case studies are included in each chapter, ranging from interper­sonal to organizational communication. The central issue is the current crisis of confidence in spoken and written words as it affects the professions, public figures, and institutions.

Johannesen, Richard L. 1996. Ethics in Human Communication, 4th ed. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.

Places ethical responsibility into the context of political philosophy and com­munication theory. Includes cases and analysis of ethics codes.

Kagen, Shelly. 1998. Normative Ethics. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Reviews the current philosophical work on morality. It defines normative ethics and explains important concepts such as the good, rights, duties, promises and virtues.

Kieran, Matthew. 1997. Media Ethics: A Philosophical Approach. Westport, CT: Praeger.

The philosophical literature and a dialectical method are used to analyze the main ethical issues in all types of media.

Kultgen, John. 1988. Ethics and Professionalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

From a pragmatist perspective, examines institutional practices and rules in such areas as confidentiality, professional paternalism, social action, and the workplace.

Lebacqz, Karen. 1985. Professional Ethics: Power and Paradox. Nashville, TN: Abingdon.

A skillful blend of theory and practice examining rule morality, virtue and character, and professional structures.

MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1966. A Short History of Ethics. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.

Outlines in a readable manner the history of moral philosophy in the Western tradition, from Homer in ancient Greece to twentieth-century ethicists.

Makau, Josina M., and Ronald C. Arnett, eds. 1997. Communication Ethics in an Age of Diver­sity. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Essays dealing with cultural diversity from the perspective of moral principles, new technologies, and demographic change.

Patterson, Philip, and Lee Wilkins.1998. Media Ethics: Issues and Cases, 3d ed. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.

Thoughtful case studies and analyses from several media ethicists. Includes simulated cases, three levels of questions, and contemporary responses to long-standing issues.

Taylor, Charles. 1991. Vie Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Taylor recognizes the danger in contemporary appeals to authenticity, to self­-fulfillment, to rights. But he argues for their possibilities and promise also, us­ing thinkers from Nietzsche to Foucault.

Tong, Rosemarie.1993. Feminine and Feminist Ethics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Introductory chapters on the ways in which feminist ethics compares to tradi­tional ethics. Excellent summaries of Gilligan's ethics of care, Noddings's rela­tional ethics, Ruddick's maternal ethics, and other feminine and feminist ap­proaches.

Alia, Valerie, Brian Brennan, and Barry Hoffmaster, eds. 1996. Deadlines and Diversity: Jour­nalism Ethics in a Changing World. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.

Canada 's first anthology in journalism ethics, with contributors from both practitioners and academics. Deals with broad issues such as objectivity, eth­nic diversity, and codes, and with particular problems such as radio talk shows, sports journalism, art criticism, and editorial cartoons.

Christians, Clifford G., John P. Ferre, and P. Mark Fackler . 1993. Good News: Social Ethics and the Press. New York: Oxford University Press.

This book develops a communitarian model for the press's context and struc­ture. It is designed as a theoretical alternative to the individualistic approaches to media ethics that have dominated under the Enlightenment's influence.

Cohen, Elliot D., and Deni Elliot, eds. 1997. Journalism Ethics: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio.

Reviews the major issues in journalism morality today, including intrusion into privacy, graphic media, computer technology, and misleading reporting. Reference chapters on important court cases, codes of ethics, and media orga­nizations.

Cooper, Thomas W. 1989. Communication Ethics and Global Change. New York: Longman.

Essays from sixteen countries on important issues in media ethics. Overview chapters on the important international issues are included in sections I and III. Codes of Ethics included in the Appendix.

Elliott, Deni T., ed. 1986. Responsible Journalism. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Nine essays by academics, examining issues in press theory and social re­sponsibility.

Ettema, James A., and Theodore L. Glasser.1998. Custodians of Conscience: Investigative Journalism and Public Virtue. New York: Columbia University Press.

his book is based on extensive interviews with award-winning newspaper and television reporters. The authors conclude that investigative journalists are custodians of the public conscience.

Englehardt, Elaine E., and Ralph D. Barney. 2002. Media and Ethics: Principles for Moral Decisions. Stamford, CT: Wadsworth.

Moral reasoning questions are used to examine classic and contemporary areas in public relations, advertising and journalism Useful appendices on codes of ethics and Web sites on ethics are included.

Kasoma, Francis P., ed. 1994. Journalism Ethics in Africa. Nairobi: African Council for Com­munication Education.

Five chapters on theoretical issues from African perspectives, and four chap­ters of application to photojournalism and news reporting.

Keeble, Richard. 2001. Ethics for Journalists. London: Routledge.

Keeble uses a question-and-answer strategy to examine the everyday dilemmas that journalists face—privacy, representation of minorities, confidential sources, tabloids, and so forth.

Knowlton, Steven R., and Patrick R. Parsons, eds. 1995. The journalist's Moral Compass: Basic Principles. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

An anthology of twenty-four readings, from john Milton to John Merrill. To­gether they seek to describe the basic principles that govern contemporary American journalism. These common principles (many of them embodied in the SPj Code of Ethics) are set against the major issues that challenge them.

Lambeth, Edmund B. 1992. Committed Journalism: An Ethic for the Profession, 2d ed. Bloom­ington: Indiana University Press.

Outlines a framework for ethical journalism from the codes, ideals, and best practice in the field.

Limburg, Val E. 1994. Electronic Media Ethics. Boston: Focal Press.

Critical issues in broadcast ethics are examined-in radio, television, entertain­ment, broadcast news, advertising, and telecommunications. Uses historical and theoretical approaches, as well as professional codes, for ethical guide­lines.

Merrill, John C. 1997. Journalism Ethics: Philosophical Foundations for News Media. New York: St. Martins Press.

Explores such concepts as individualism, communitarianism, propaganda, and responsibility in order to understand the foundations of everyday jour­nalism practice.

Newton, Julianne H. 2001. The Burden of Visual Truth: The Role of Photojournalism in Mediating Reality. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Examines the theoretical bases for visual truth, describes its significance in contemporary culture, and develops a social responsibility perspective on it.

Pippert, Wesley G. 1989. An Ethics of News: A Reporter's Search for Truth. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Analysis of ethical issues in news, based on the author's personal experiences. Focuses on the issue of truthtelling.

Rivers, William L., Wilbur Schramm, and Clifford Christians. 1980. Responsibility in Mass Communication, 3d ed. New York: Harper and Row.

A classic text on media ethics that argues for the social responsibility option.

Seib, Philip, and Kathy Fitzpatrick. 1997. Journalism Ethics. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Using cases and ethical analysis, the authors deal with issues such as tabloids, conflicts of interest, deception, and diversity.

Ron F. Smith. 1999. Groping for Ethics in Journalism, 4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press.

Explores a variety of issues: conflicts of interest, deception, misrepresenta­tion, privacy, sources, and incompetence. Based on interviews with a wide­ranging sample of professionals and academics, and a review of the media codes and literature.

Baum, Robert J., Norman E. Bowie, and Deborah G. Johnson, eds. 1984. Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 3 (Spring/Summer).

Special double issue in which advertising professionals, educators, and philosophers discuss important topics: manipulative advertising, professional advertising content, and children as consumers.

Bivins, Thomas. 2003. Mixed Media: Moral Distinctions in Advertising, Public Relations, and Journalism. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

A moral framework, centered on telling the truth and avoiding harm, is presented for examining advertising, journalism and public relations.

Collins, Ronald K. L. 1992. Dictating Content. Washington, DC: The Center for the Study of Commercialism.

A critique of advertising's interaction with the mass media.

Gossage, Howard. 1986. Is Advertising Worth Saving? Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

A renowned practitioner and perceptive critic examines the philosophies and practices of his business and finds them wanting.

Jacobson, Michael F., and Laurie Ann Mazur. 1995. Marketing Madness. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.

A highly critical analysis of such advertising-related topics as targeting chil­dren, sexism and sexuality; cigarettes and alcohol, etc.

Journal of Advertising. September, 1994. Special edition on ethics.

Eight articles examine various aspects of the subject.

Jugenheimer, Donald W., Dean M. Krugman, Vincent P. Norris, and Kim B. Rotzoll. 1992. Working Papers on Advertising and Ethics. Papers presented at the AAAA Convention, University of Illinois at Urbana.

Suggests principles to guide advertising ethics and applies them to advertis­ing organizations, the audience, and teaching.

Kottman, E. John. 1977. “The Parity Product-Advertising's Achilles Heel,” Journal of Advertising, 6(4): 34-39.

An examination of one of advertising's enduring ethical areas.

Levitt, Theodore. 1970. “The Morality (?) of Advertising” Harvard Business Review, July-August.

A provocative position on advertising as a form of “alleviating imagery.”

Mander, Jerry. 1979. “Four Arguments for the Elimination of Advertising.” In Advertising and the Public, ed. Kim Rotzoll. Urbana: University of Illinois Department of Advertising.

A major attack on four presumably inherent dimensions of the advertising process.

Phillips, Michael. 1997. Ethics and Manipulation in Advertising. Westport, CT: Quarum Books.

A thoughtful analysis of the ethical positions of critics and defenders of advertising.

Preston, Ivan. 1994. The Targeted Web. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Provocative and analytical examination of the role of “puffery” (exaggeration) in advertising.

Rotfeld, Herbert J., and Patrick R. Parsons. 1989. “Self Regulation and Magazine Advertising,” Journal of Advertising, 4: 33-41.

A major survey of magazines examines their acceptance policies.

Rotzoll, Kim, and Clifford Christians. 1980. “Advertising Agency Practitioners' Percep­tions of Ethical Decisions,” Journalism Quarterly, 57 (Autumn): 425-431.

On the basis of their research, the authors examine key ethical dimensions of advertising agency practice, as seen by the practitioners.

Rotzoll, Kim, and James Haefner. 1996. Advertising in Contemporary Society. Urbana: University of Illinois Press (especially Chapters 1-4).

An explanation of advertising's roots in the market and the worldview of clas­sical liberalism; visions of advertising as an institution; the strains on advertising under the neoliberal worldview.

Solely, Lawrence, and Robert L. Craig. 1992. “Advertising Pressures on Newspapers: A Survey,” Journal of Advertising, December, 1-10.

An extensive examination of advertisers' influence over newspapers.

Zanot, Eric. 1985. “Unseen but Effective Advertising Regulation: The Clearance Process,” Journal of Advertising, 4: 44-51.

Traces clearance procedures normally followed by major advertisers, agen­cies, and media.

Persuasion and Public Relations

Baker, Lee W. 1993. The Credibility Factor: Putting Ethics to Work in Public Relations. Homewood, IL: Business One Irwin.

The major theme is that ethics-ethics codes, individual conscience, company guidelines, careful decision making-are the foundation for achieving credibil­ity. Provides several examples of companies that prospered by taking ethics seriously. Filled with practical advice and a wide range of cases and illustrations.

Bernays, Edward L. 1965. Biography of an Idea: Memoirs of Public Relations Council Edward L. Bernays. New York: Simon and Shuster.

Bernays makes it clear how much the world depends on the proper formation of public attitudes.

Bivins, Thomas H. 1987. “Applying Ethical Theory to Public Relations,” Journal of Business Ethics, 6: 195-200.

Bivins, Thomas H. 1988. “Professional Advocacy in Public Relations,” Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 6(1): 82-91.

Bivins, Thomas H. 1989. “Ethical Implications of the Relationship of Purpose to Role and Function in Public Relations,” Journal of Business Ethics, 8: 65-73.

Examines public relations as a professional domain and connects those fea­tures of its social role to the relevant ethical theories.

Creedon, Pamela J. 1989. Women in Mass Communication: Challenging Gender Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

A book accounting for the increased number of women in mass media occupa­tions, with several chapters contributed by public relations scholars.

Culbertson, Hugh M., and Ni Chen with Linzhi Shi. January 2003. Public Relations Ethics: Some Foundations. Ohio Journalism Monograph Series No. 7. Bush Research Center: E.W. Scripps School of Journalism, Ohio University.

Examines principles for the ethical practice of public relations in a global environment, with emphasis on practices in the United States and China.

Culbertson, Hugh M., Dennis Jeffers, Donna Stone, and Martin Terrell. 1993. Social, Political, and Economic Contexts in Public Relations: Theory and Cases. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Attempts to explain public relations theory and practice in terms of the social sciences. Includes six detailed case studies, carefully chosen across a range of situations from police-communications relations to osteopathic medicine.

Cutlip, Scott M. 1995. Public Relations History: From the 17th to the 20 2 Century. The Antecedents. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Traces the historical development of public relations and raises important questions about ethical considerations of early-and contemporary-practice.

Ellul, Jacques. 1973. Propaganda. New York: Vintage.

Always innovative, Ellul explores public attitude formation as part of the larger social issue surrounding la technique.

Ferre, John P., and Shirley C. Willihnganz. 1991. Public Relations and Ethics: A Reference Guide. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall and Co.

Acomprehensive, annotated bibliography of 285 English-language sources on public relations and ethics.

Grunig, Laura. 1992. “Toward the Philosophy of Public Relations.” In Rhetorical and Critical Approaches to Public Relations, eds. Elizabeth Toth and Robert Heath. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

First major attempt to construct a conceptual framework for studying public relations ethics. Influenced by a feminist perspective; argues that public rela­tions involves not persuasion but an exchange of information.

Hiebert, Roy Eldon. 1966. Courtier to the Crowd: The Story of Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.

The story of one of the founding geniuses in public relations.

Kelly, Kathleen S. 1998. Effective Fund-Raising Management. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Chapter 8 argues for ethical practices in fund raising, refuting misapplication of the utilitarian principle that the “end justifies the means,” arguing instead for a symmetrical model of social responsibility in fund-raising communica­tion. Numerous case studies offered.

Kruckeberg, Dean, and Kenneth Starck. 1988. Public Relations and Community: A Reconstructed Theory. New York: Praeger.

Explores the social responsibility of public relations practitioners in contem­porary American society.

Lerbinger, Otto, and Albert J. Sullivan, eds. 1965. Information, Influence and Communication: A Reader in Public Relations. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

Early and influential attempt to develop and explain philosophical theories of public relations ethics and values. Chapters contributed by well-known academicians and practitioners. David Finn's chapter “The Struggle for Ethics” is as timely today as it was in 1965.

Lippmann, Walter. 1922. Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan.

This book sets the agenda for much of twentieth-century thinking on media in general and public relations in particular.

McElreath, Mark P. 1997. Managing Systematic and Ethical Public Relations Campaigns, 2d ed. Madison, Wl: Brown & Benchmark.

Text offers practical discussions of tools and techniques in campaigns through the lens of ethical analysis. Numerous hypothetical and industry case studies are included.

Olasky, Marvin N. 1987. Corporate Public Relations: A New Historical Perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Tells how public relations has contributed to our understanding of industry, from railroads to the movie business.

Seib, Philip, and Kathy Fitzpatrick. 1995. Public Relations Ethics. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace.

Examines public relations ethics from the perspective of professionals, with attention given to moral theories and professional codes of ethics.

Sinclair, Upton . 1920. The Brass Check. Pasadena: CA: Classic Books.

No advocate of the profession of public relations, Sinclair was one of the first to tell us why we should be watchful.

Allen, Steve. 2001. Vulgarians at the Gate: Trash TV And Raunch Radio – Raising the Standards of Popular Culture. Amherst, NY: Prometheus.

Addresses popular entertainment's dependence on vulgarity and violence.

Alley, Robert S. 1977. Television: Ethics for Hire? Nashville, TN: Abingdon.

Interviews with Norman Lear, Alan Alda, Earl Hamner, and others give insight into the aims and ethics of industry pacesetters.

Bok, Sissela.1998. Mayhem. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Bok raises the question why civilized societies condone and celebrate violent entertainment. She offers a review of research and hints at how U.S. policy might take pointers from Canada and Norway.

Carter, Stephen L. 1996. Integrity. New York: Basic.

Why is truth so easily shaved, avoided, and distorted? With chapters on medi­ated leisure and character building.

Cooper, Thomas W. 1988. Television and Ethics: A Bibliography. Boston, MA: G. K. Hall and Co.

This volume cites 1,170 sources, many of them annotated, on all aspects of television and ethics.

Dahlgren, Peter. 1995. Television and the Public Sphere: Citizenship, Democracy and the Media. London: Sage.

Dahlgren clarified concepts of civil society and the public sphere and relates these to an analysis of television as journalism, information and entertainment.

DeLong, Thomas A. 1991. Quiz Craze: America 's Infatuation with Game Shows. New York: Praeger.

History of radio and television game shows from 1930 to the present. Lots of information about the personalities behind the programs.

Denzin, Norman. 1991. Hollywood Shot by Shot: Alcoholism in American Cinema. New York: Aldin de Gruyter.

A cultural studies approach to six eras of Hollywood stories about alcoholism. Denzin helps us understand how we came to regard alcoholism as a sickness.

Does Television Change History? 1987. Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Television and Ethics, 6 March, Emerson College, Boston, MA.

The difference between documentary and docudrama, and issues involved in ethically producing the latter.

Final Report of the Attorney General's Commission on Pornography. 1986. Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press.

An attempt by experts summoned during the Reagan administration to speak definitively on the dangers of pornography.

Glassner, Barry, 1999. The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things. New York: Basic Books.

A sociologist explores why Americans are burdened with fear and exposes those who manipulate us and profit from our anxieties.

Greene, Robert, and Joost Elffers. 1998. The 48 Laws of Power. New York: Viking.

A thoughtful and historically rich treasure of Machiavellian methods for success in relationships and business. It describes the moral climate of American media.

Gross, Larry, John Stuart Katz, and Jay Ruby, eds. 1988. Image Ethics: The Moral Rights of Subjects in Photographs, Film, and Television. New York: Oxford University Press.

Original essays on the ethics of representation viewing moral questions in terms of the subject rather than the rights of producers and filmmakers.

Hatch, Nathan. 1989. The Democratization of American Christianity. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

A leading historian looks at the relationship between American religion and changing public attitudes on popular culture.

Heins, Marjorie. 2001. Not in Front of the Children: “Indecency,” Censorship, and the Innocence of Youth. New York: Hill and Wang.

Explains the history of censorship intended to protect young people.

Holbrook, Morris B. 1993. Daytime Television Gameshows and the Celebration of Merchandise: “The Price Is Right.” Bowling Green, OH: Popular Press.

American consumerism reflected in a popular show, by a marketing scholar who frankly does not like what he sees.

Jhally, Sut, and Justin Lewis. 1992. Enlightened Racism: The Cosby Show, Audiences, and the Myth of the American Dream. Boulder, CO: Westview.

How prime-time television presents race and class images. This case study ex­amines the popular show starring Bill Cosby and Felicia Rashad.

Larrabee, Mary Jeanne. Ed. 1993. An Ethic of Care: Feminist and Interdiscplinary Perspectives. New York: Routledge.

Collection of essays about moral philosophy and sex differences in moral reasoning that engage Carol Gilligan's book, In a Different Voice.

Lester, Paul and Susan Ross ed. 2003. Images That Injure: Pictorial Stereotypes in the Media, 2nd ed. Westport, CT: Praeger.

A collection of essays explores the impact of age, gender, and racial, ethnic, and social stereotypes perpetuated in advertising, television, film, and jour­nalistic photography and illustrations from an ethical and social perspective. The conclusion offers examples of “images that heal” as well.

Mander, Jerry. 1978. Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television. New York: Morrow.

Some ideas are harmed by their treatment on television, says the author. Four provocative chapters and a radical conclusion.

Medved, Michael, and Diane Medved. 1998. Saving Childhood. New York: Harper Collins.

Plenty of evidence in this well-written book that children are not well served by television and film.

Newcomb, Horace, and Robert Alley. 1983. The Producer's Medium: Conversations with Cre­ators of American TV. Near York: Oxford University Press.

Interviews with notable producers (e.g., Norman Lear, Richard Levinson, William Link, and Garry Marshall) about the values they express as artists.

New York Public Library. 1984. Censorship: 500 Years of Conflict. New York: Oxford Univer­sity Press.

Photographs, prints, and other artwork depicting the last five centuries of sup­pression of printed material.

Phelan, John M. 1980. Disenchantment: Meaning and Morality in the Media. New York: Hast­ings House.

Proposing that a public philosophy arises from the humanities, Phelan ad­dresses the problems of new technology and cultural freedom.

Pipher, Mary. 1994. Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls. New York: Ballantine Books.

Pipher explains the dangers adolescent girls face growing up in our media-saturated, look-obsessed, “girl-poisoning” culture.

Robinson, Deanna Campbell, Elizabeth B. Buck, Marlene Cuthbert, and the International Communication and Youth Consortium. 1991. Music at the Margins: Popular Music and Global Cultural Diversity. Newberg Park, CA: Sage.

Forty scholars from twenty countries analyze popular music and the industrial structure that produces and distributes the product.

Romanowski, William D. 1996. Pop Culture Wars: Religion and the Role of Entertainment in American Life. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.

At issue is Medved's thesis of warfare between Hollywood and traditional values, seen through the lens of informed (culturally and theologically) reformed Christian faith.

Rossi, Philip, and Paul Soukup, eds. 1994. Mass Media and the Moral Imagination. New York: Sheed & Ward.

A collection of scholarly essays that probes spirituality and religious conviction en route to insights on media and morality.

Saunders, Kevin W. 1996. Violence as Obscenity: Limiting the Media's First Amendment Protection. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Saunders questions whether violent material is protected by the First Amendment or if it should be regulated as obscenity.

Schultze, Quentin J. 2002. Habits of the High-Tech Heart: Living Virtuously in the Information Age. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

Schultze examines the impact of information technologies and how we can develop moral virtues for living in our high-tech society.

Shattuck, Roger. 1996. Forbidden Knowledge: From Prometheus to Pornography. San Diego: Harcourt Brace.

All cultures set fences. In the West, these fences have a long history in litera­ture and science. Are they changing? Should some remain, in the interest of human community?

Thayer, Lee, ed. 1980. Ethics, Morality, and the Media. New York: Hastings House.

Twenty-seven essays and speeches-most by practitioners on the current status of media ethics, with a long introduction (“Notes on American Culture”) by the editor.

Ward, Annalee. 2002. Mouse Morality: The Rhetoric of Disney Animated Film. Austin: University of Texas Press.

What values do children learn from Disney's animated products? How vividly are these values portrayed?

Wilson., James Q. 1993. The Moral Sense. New York: Free Press.

A naturalist wonders how chemistry and biology gave rise to moral reflection, with implications on the virtues required for social justice today.

Wolfe, Alan. 2001. Moral Freedom: The Search for Virtue in a World of Choice. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

A study about the everyday morality of Americans. He discovered that Americans have redefined morality in ways that fit their circumstances.

The advertising business involves a wide array of guidelines, codes, and standards dealing with the legal and ethical dimensions of the process. Two of the more important sources are:

National Advertising Division, The Better Business Bureau, http://www.bbb.org/advertising/ nadproc.html.

The Children's Advertising Review Unit, Self Regulatory Guidelines, http://www.bbb.orgl advertising/caruguid.html.

Code of Professional Standards for the Practice of Public Relations

Public Relations Society of America
33 Irving Place
New York , NY 10003-2376

Council of Better Business Bureaus

845 Third Avenue
New York , NY 10022

Code of Ethics for Professional Communicators

International Association of Business Communicators
One Hallidie Plaza , Suite 600
San Francisco , CA 94102

National Charities Information Bureau

19 Union Square West
New York , NY 10003

Books in Media Ethics

Compiled by Clifford Christians, thorough bibliography dedicated to books concerned with issues of media ethics.

Values and Ethics Bibliography

Another thorough bibliography on ethics in media.

Media Ethics Bibliography

Bibliography on Media Ethics put together by the Poynter Institute.

Publications in Media Ethics

Another extensive bibliography on the subject.